Do U Have to Have Surgery Again for Non Union Bones in Ankle After Orif

Pernicious anaemia

Jordi Pons, the medical student from Barcelona, has made some language notes in his textbook.Pernicious anaemia (PA) is a condition in which at that place is atrophy of the gastric mucosa with consequent failure of intrinsic factor production and vitamin B malabsorption. The onset is insidious, with progressively increasing symptoms of anaemia. Patients are sometimes said to have a lemon-yellowish colour attributable to a combination of pallor and balmy jaundice caused by excessive breakdown of haemoglobin because of ineffective red prison cell production in the bone marrow. A crimson sore natural language (glossitis) is sometimes present. Patients present with symmetricalparaesthesiae in the fingers and toes, early loss of vibration sense, and progressive weakness and ataxia. The spleen may exist palpable.

onset = beginning

insidious = slowly developing

pallor = lack of colour

mild = slight

jaundice = bilirubinaemia

breakdown = division into smaller parts

bone marrow = soft tissue in the crenel of bones

symmetrical = each side the same

vibration sense = ability to feel vibrations

progressive = continuing to develop

palpable = can be felt with the mitt

Exercises:

1.Find words in the box with contrary meanings. Look at B and C to aid yous.

adequate unlikely balmy common insidious for against severe rare sudden inadequate likely

bone differential insidious atomic number 26 pernicious progressively vibration

diagnosis sense onset marrow increasing deficiency anaemia

two.Make give-and-take combinations using a word from each box. Look at B and C to assistance you.

3.Complete the sentences. Await at A, B and C to help you.

one. A 39-year-sometime man presented with a history of ��������. abdominal distention over a period of vi months.

2. Blindness may be acquired by vitamin A ������� .

3. The bleeding and purpura are caused by abnormal ������. function.

4. The white prison cell count is normal so we can ������ acute leukaemia.

5. The yellow colour of her skin and conjunctivae is probably due to �������. .

six. At that place was a �����.. mass in the correct upper quadrant of the abdomen.

seven. Treatment is aimed at restoring fluid residue with ��������. intravenous fluids.

viii. The anaemia may be due to increased red cell �������. .

4.Consummate the conversation. Look at C to help you lot.

Professor: What is against the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia on physical examination?

Student: The problem started quite suddenly. So information technology didn't accept the typical (one) �����..��������.. .He doesn't accept any skin (two) �����.��. and he doesn't have (3) ��.����.. paraesthesiae, or absent (four) ��������. sense, and I couldn't feel his spleen.

Professor: What well-nigh his tongue?

Student: His tongue was normal and not inflamed or (5) ������ .

platelet [ˊpleıtlıt] �������� ���������

anaemia[ә'nı:mjә]

pernicious [pә:ˊnıʃәs] ���������������

mucosa� ��������� ��������

ataxia [ә'tæksıә] �������, ������������� � ����������� ����

distension � ����������, �������/ ��������� ���������� ��� �������

purpura - �y����� (������������� � ����)

Unit 8 Basic

Bones

Some common English names for basic:

English name	Anatomical name	Russian name
skull	cranium /`kreınjǝm/	�����
jaw bone	mandible /`mændıbl/	������ �������
spine	vertebral column	�����������
breastbone	sternum /`stǝ:nǝm/	�������
rib	costa	�����
collarbone	clavicle /`klævıkl/	�������
shoulder blade	scapula /`skæpjulǝ/	�������
thigh bone	femur /`fɪ:mǝ/	�����
genu cap	patella	�������� �������
shinbone	tibia /`tıbıǝ/ fibula /`fɪbjulǝ/	�������������� ����� ������������ �����

Fractures

A fracture is a break in a bone. Some of different types of fracture:

greenstick displaced comminuted impacted open(chemical compound)

A pathological fractureis a fracture in a diseased bone. A fatigueor stress fractureis due to repeated minor trauma, for example long-distance marching or running.

Treatment of fractures

When the fragments of a cleaved bone heal and join together, they unite. Union may be promoted, or helped, by reducing the fracture � replacing the fragments in their anatomical position if the are displaced. Afterward reduction, excessive motion of the broken bone is prevented by fixation � either, for example a splint or a plaster of Paris bandage, or internal, for instance a pin or plate and screws. A displaced fracture which is not reduced may result in malunion � incomplete or incorrect spousal relationship.

Note:The verb reduce has several meanings in medicine:

● to brand smaller � I think we�d better reduce the dose of your tablets.

● (in surgery) to return to anatomical position � A hernia can normally be reduced past manipulation.

● (in chemical science) to remove oxygen or add together hydrogen � Nitric acid is a reducing agent(��������������)

to reduce � ���������(�����)

���������� ��������� �������� �����

Exercises:

i. Label the diagram using words from the box. Look at A to help you.

breastbone collarbone jaw bone kneecap rib shinbone shoulder blade skull spine thigh bone

2. Lucifer the types of fractures (1-5) with the description (a-due east). Look at B to aid you.

ane. open

2. comminuted

3. displaced

4. greenstick

5. impacted

a There is a interruption in the skin.

b The bone is aptitude. It occurs mainly in children.

c The bone is broken into several pieces.

d The broken pieces are separated.

east The broken pieces are pushed together.

3.Complete the textbook extract. Expect at C to help you.

(1)��������.a fracture involves trying to return the bones to as virtually to their original position as possible. If a fracture is allowed to heal in a displaced position the fracture will (two)��������only it may keep to (three)����

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